What does the periosteum encompass?

The periosteum is a dense layer of vascular connective tissue that envelops the bones except at the surfaces of the joints where cartilage is present. This fibrous tissue acts as a protective layer and plays a crucial role in the growth and repair of bones. It contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves, providing nourishment and sensory function to the bone.

The periosteum also serves as an attachment site for tendons and ligaments, further contributing to its importance in the overall function and health of the skeletal system. Its presence on all bone surfaces, except for the articulating areas where bone forms joint surfaces and is covered by articular cartilage, is fundamental to understanding bone physiology and repair mechanisms.